Abstract
The essay examines Gogol’s heritage from a new and somewhat “unusual” perspective: the writer is seen as one of the main Russian ideologists of the Slavic unity. Gogol’s views are therefore placed in the context of different Slavophilic trends. The question that this study addresses is only seemingly marginal; as the research has revealed, the polemics between Gogol and the representatives of the Western branch of Slavophilism is central to the work of the former. The essay analyzes Gogol’s views against the background of various ideas about the unity of the Slavs of the “Moscow” and Polish Slavophilic groups, in comparison with “Ukrainophile” views of Gogol’s countryman O.M. Bodiansky, and in their relation to the initiatives of the Minister of Public Education S.S. Uvarov who prescribed the study of the history and literature of the Slavic peoples at universities in 1835. The essay focuses on the well-know “dissident case” (delo o volnodumstve) that affected Gogol already as a student at Nezhinskaya gymnasium in the 1820s. It also covers such subjects as: Gogol’s communication with Polish emigrants, participants of the Polish uprising (1830–1831), when he was abroad in 1836–1837; Mickiewicz’s Parisian lectures in Collège de France in 1840–1844; the history of the Ukrainian-Slavic Society in 1846–1847; and the consequences of the publication of the book About the Russian State by Giles Fletcher, British ambassador to Russia in the 16 th century. It also pays attention to the origins of the Polish ideological doctrine concerning the so-called “turanism” of the Russians. Thus, the article discusses the reflection of various Slavic interests and views in Gogol’s fiction and essays, and in his correspondence with friends and acquaintances, up until the last years of his life. An extensive bibliography on the subject is also provided.
References
1 Aksakov I.S. Pis’ma k rodnym. 1844–1849 [Letters to relatives. 1844–1849]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1988. 704 p. (In Russ.)
2 Aristov N.Ia. Inozemnoe vliianie v Rossii, izobrazhennoe Gogolem v ego sochineniiakh [The foreign influence in Russia described by Gogol in his writings]. Aristov N.Ia. Sochineniia N.V. Gogolia so storony otechestvennoi nauki [The works of N. Gogol on the behalf the national science]. St. Petersburg, Izd-e knigoprodavtsa N.G. Martynova Publ., 1887, pp. 67–148. (In Russ.)
3 Aristova L.Iu. O.M. Bodianskii, N.V. Gogol’ i stanovlenie idei “slavianskogo edinstva” v Rossii [O.M. Bodyansky, N.V. Gogol, and the development of the idea of “Slavic unity” in Russia]. Slavianskii al’manakh 2009 [Slavic Almanac 2009]. Moscow, Indrik Publ., 2010, pp. 150–165. (In Russ.)
4 Bantysh-Kamenskii D.N. Puteshestvie v Moldaviiu, Valakhiiu i Serbiiu [Traveling to Moldavia, Wallachia and Serbia]. Moscow, V Gubernskoi tip. A. Reshetnikova Publ., 1810. 192 p. (In Russ.)
5 Bantysh-Kamenskii D.N. Istoriia Maloi Rossii so vremen prisoedineniia onoi k Rossiiskomu Gosudarstvu pri Tsare Aleksee Mikhailoviche, s kratkim obozreniem pervobytnogo sostoianiia sego kraia [The history of Malorossiya from the time of its annexation to the Russian State under the Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, with a brief review of the primitive state of this region]. Moscow, Tip. S. Selivanovskogo Publ., 1822. Vol. 2. 324 p. (In Russ.)
6 Bantysh-Kamenskii D.N. Istoriia Maloi Rossii. So vremen prisoedineniia sei strany k Rossiiskomu Gosudarstvu do izbraniia v Getmany Mazepy [History of Malorossiya. Since the time of the annexation of this country to the Russian State before the election of Hetman Mazepa]. Moscow, Tip. S. Selivanovskogo Publ., 1830. Vol. 2. 223 p. + 62 p. (In Russ.)
7 Bartenev P.I. Ob Ukraino-slavianskom obshchestve. (Iz bumag D.P. Golokhvastova) [On the Ukrainian-Slavic society. (From the papers of D.P. Golokhvastov)]. Russkii Arkhiv, 1892, no 7, pp. 334–359. (In Russ.)
8 Bodianskii I. O mneniiakh kasatel’no proiskhozhdeniia Rusi [Opinions on the origins of Rus’]. Syn Otechestva i Severnyi Arkhiv, 1835, no 37, pp. 61–86; no 38, pp. 117–141; no 39, pp. 175–199. (In Russ.)
9 Bodianskii I. Rassmotrenie razlichnykh mnenii o drevnem iazyke Severnykh i Iuzhnykh Russov [Analysis of different opinions on the ancient language of the Northern and Southern Russes]. Uchenye zapiski Imperatorskogo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1835, september, no 3, pp. 472–491. (In Russ.)
10 Bodianskii O.M. O narodnoi poezii Slavianskikh plemen [On the folk poetry of the Slavic tribes]. Moscow, Tip. N. Stepanova Publ., 1837. 154 p. (In Russ.)
11 Vinogradov I.A. Moskva i Rim v tvorchestve Gogolia [Moscow and Rome in Gogol’s work]. Moskva v russkoi i mirovoi literature [Moscow in Russian and world literature]. Moscow, IMLI RAN Publ., 2000, pp. 117–155. (In Russ.)
12 Vinogradov I.A. Gogol’ i slavianstvo (K probleme iazykovogo edinstva slavian) [Gogol and the Slavs. On the problem of linguistic unity of the Slavs]. Iazyk klassicheskoi literatury [The language of classical literature]. Moscow, IMLI RAN Publ., 2007, vol. 1, pp. 5–24. (In Russ.)
13 Vinogradov I.A. Kommentarii [Comments]. Gogol’ N.V. Taras Bul’ba. Avtografy, prizhiznennye izdaniia. Istoriko-literaturnyi i tekstologicheskii kommentarii [Taras Bulba. Autographs, lifetime editions. Historical and literary and textual commentary]. Moscow, IMLI RAN Publ., 2009, pp. 387–656. (In Russ.
14 Vinogradov I.A. Gogol’ v vospominaniiakh, dnevnikakh, perepiske sovremennikov. Polnyi sistematicheskii svod dokumental’nykh svidetel’stv: v 3 t. [Gogol in the memoirs, diaries, and correspondence of the contemporaries. Full systematic set of documentary evidence]. Moscow, IMLI RAN Publ., 2011–2013. Vol. 1–3. 904 p. + 1031 p. + 1168 p. (In Russ.)
15 Vinogradov I.A. Gogol’ o edinstve slavian [Gogol on the unity of the Slavs]. Gogol’ i traditsionnaia slavianskaia kul’tura. Dvenadtsatye Gogolevskie chteniia [Gogol and the traditional Slavic culture. Twelfth Gogol readings]. Moscow; Novosibirsk, Novosibirskii izd. dom Publ., 2012, pp. 20–27. (In Russ.)
16 Vinogradov I.A. N.V. Gogol’ kak slavianofil: Slavianskaia tema v nasledii pisatelia [N.V. Gogol as a Slavophile: Slavic theme in the writer’s legacy]. Problemy istoricheskoi poetiki [Problems of Historical Poetics]. Petrozavodsk, PetrSU Publ., 2014, vol. 12: Evangel’skii tekst v russkoi literature XVIII–XIX vekov: tsitata, reministsentsiia, motiv, siuzhet, zhanr [The Gospel text in Russian literature of the 18 th –20 th centuries: Quotation, reminiscence, motif, plot, and genre], pp. 199–219. (In Russ.)
17 Vinogradov I.A. Gogol’ v Nezhinskoi gimnazii vysshikh nauk: Iz istorii obrazovaniia v Rossii [Gogol in the Nezhinskaya gimnasium: on the history of education in Russia]. Moscow, IMLI RAN Publ., 2015. 352 p. (In Russ.)
18 Vinogradov I.A. Istoriia v nasledii Gogolia [History and the legacy of Gogol]. Gogoleznavchi studiï. Gogolevedcheskie studii [Gogol’s studies]. Nezhin, 2015, issue 5 (22), pp. 19–71. (In Russ.)
19 Vinogradov I.A. Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva N.V. Gogolia (1809–1852): v 7 t. [Chronicle of the life and work of Gogol (1809–1852)]. Moscow, IMLI RAN Publ., 2017. Vol. 2. 1829–1836. 672 p. (In Russ.)
20 Vinogradov I.A. Blazhenny mirotvortsy. Ot povesti o dvukh Ivanakh k zamyslu “Mertvykh dush” [Blessed are the peacemakers. From the story of the two Ivans to the concept of the Dead Souls]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, series 9: philology, 2017 (In Russian, unpublished, accepted for printing). (In Russ.)
21 Vinogradov V.V. Velikii russkii iazyk [The Great Russian language]. Moscow, OGIZ, Gos. izd-vo khudozh. lit. Publ., 1945. 172 p. (In Russ.)
22 Vodovozov N.V. Slavianskie interesy Gogolia [Slavic interests of Gogol]. Uchenye zapiski Moskovskogo gorodskogo pedagogicheskogo instituta imeni V.P. Potemkina. Kafedra russkoi literatury, 1960, vol. 107, issue 10, pp. 101–115. (In Russ.)
23 Voskresenskii G. Valentin Vodnik. Ocherk iz istorii slovenskoi literatury [Valentin Vodnik. Essay on the history of Slovenian literature]. Sbornik statei po slavianovedeniiu [Collection of articles on Slavic studies]. St. Petersburg, 1883, pp. 149–155. (In Russ.)
24 Gertsen A.I. Sobranie sochinenii: v 30 t. [Collected works]. Moscow, Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, IMLI RAN Publ., 1954. Vol. 2. 516 p. (In Russ.)
25 Gogol’ N.V. Poln. sobr. soch. i pisem: v 17 t. (15 kn.) [Complete collected works and letters in 17 vols. (15 th book)], comp., preparation of texts and comments I.A. Vinogradov, V.A. Voropaev. Moscow; Kiev, Izd-vo Moskovskoi Patriarkhii Publ., 2009–2010. Vol. 1–17. 664 p. + 688 p. + 680 p. + 744 p. + 816 p. + 720 p. + 968 p. + 392 p. + 488 p. + 704 p. + 592 p. + 608 p. + 624 p. + 816 p. + 936 p. (In Russ.)
26 Dekabristy. Biograficheskii spravochnik [Decembrists. Biographical guide]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1988. 448 p. (In Russ.)
27 Desnitskii V.A. “Mertvye dushi” Gogolia kak poema dvorianskogo vozrozhdeniia [Dead Souls by Gogol as a poem of the nobles’ revival]. Desnitskii V.A. Na literaturnye temy [On literary themes]. Moscow; Leningrad, Khudozh. lit. Publ., 1933, pp. 220–231. (In Russ.)
28 Zhukovskaia T.N. S.S. Uvarov i Kirillo-Mefodievskoe obshchestvo ili krizis “ofitsial’noi narodnosti” [S.S. Uvarov and the Cyril and Methodius Society or the crisis of the “official nationality”]. Otechestvennaia istoriia i istoricheskaia mysl’ v Rossii XIX– XX vekov [Domestic history and historical thought in Russia of the 19 th –20 th centuries]. St. Petersburg, Izd-vo “Nestor–Istoriia” Publ., 2006, pp. 196–207. (In Russ.)
29 Kazanskii P.E. Russkii iazyk v Avstro-Vengrii [Russian in Austria-Hungarian empire]. Odessa, tip. “Tekhnik” Publ., 1912, pp. 1–80. (In Russ.) 30 Karamzin N.M. Istoriia gosudarstva Rossiiskogo [History of the Russian goverment]. Moscow, Kniga Publ., 1988. Vol. 1. 156 p. (In Russ.)
31 Karamzin N.M. O drevnei i novoi Rossii v ee politicheskom i grazhdanskom otnosheniiakh [On ancient and new Russia and its political and civil relations], text preparation and comments A.Yu. Sergenya. Literaturnaia ucheba, 1988, no 4, pp. 97–142. (In Russ.)
32 Kireevskii P.V. Pis’ma P.V. Kireevskogo k N.M. Iazykovu [Letters from P.V. Kireevsky to N.M. Yazykov], editorial, introductory article and comments by M.K. Azadovsky. Moscow; Leningrad, Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR Publ., 1935. 86 p. (In Russ.)
33 Kirilo-Mefodiïvs’ke tovaristvo: v 3 t. [Cyril-Methodius Society]. Kiev, Nauk. dumka Publ., 1990. Vol. 3. 440 p. (In Russ.)
34 Maksimovich M.A. Malorossiiskie pesni [Malorossyian songs]. Moscow, Tipografiia Avgusta Semena pri Imperatorskoi Mediko Khirurgicheskoi Akademii Publ., 1827. 234 p. (In Russ.)
35 Maksimovich M.A. Otkuda idet Russkaia zemlia, po skazaniiu Nestorovoi povesti i po drugim pisaniiam russkim [Where does the Russian land come from, according to the legend of the Nestor’s story and other scriptures by the Russians]. Maksimovich M.A. Sobranie sochinenii [Collected works]. Kiev, Tip. M.P. Fritsa Publ., 1876, vol. 1, pp. 5–92. (In Russ.)
36 Maksimovich M.A. Istoriia drevnei russkoi slovesnosti [History of the ancient Russian literature]. Maksimovich M.A. Sobranie sochinenii [Collected works]. Kiev, Tip. M.P. Fritsa Publ., 1880, vol. 3, pp. 346–480. (In Russ.)
37 Markovskii M. Istoriia vozniknoveniia i sozdaniia “Mertvykh Dush” [The history of the emergence and creation of the Dead Souls]. Kiev, Tip. R.K. Lubkovskogo Publ., 1902. 96 p. (In Russ.)
38 Orlai I.S. O neobkhodimosti obuchat’sia preimushchestvenno otechestvennomu iazyku i nechto o obuchenii iazykam inostrannym [On the need to learn mainly native language and about teaching foreign languages]. Zapiski, izdavaemye ot Departamenta Narodnogo Prosveshcheniia [Notes from the Department of Folk Enlightenment], 1825, vol. 1, pp. 320–330. (In Russ.)
39 Pogodin M.P. Ob obshche-slavianskom literaturnom iazyke [Concerning general Slavonic literary language]. Moskvitianin, 1851, no 18, september, vol. 2, pp. 181–185. (In Russ.)
40 Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire], the second meeting. St. Petersburg, Tip. 2-go Otd-niia Sobstv. E.I.V. Kantseliarii Publ., 1836. Vol. 10. Branch 1. 918 p. (In Russ.)
41 Pypin A.N., Spasovich V.D. Istoriia slavianskikh literatur [History of Slavic literatures], 2 edition, supplemented. St. Petersburg, Tip. M.M. Stasiulevicha Publ., 1881. Vol. 2. 1129 p. (In Russ.)
42 Rozanov I.N. N.M. Iazykov i F.V. Chizhov. Perepiska 1843–1845 gg. [N.M. Yazykov and F.V. Chizhov. Correspondence, 1843–1845]. Literaturnoe nasledstvo [Literary heritage]. Vol. 19–21. Moscow, Zhur.-gaz. ob”edinenie Publ., 1935, pp. 105–142. (In Russ.)
43 Sventsitskii I.S. Obzor otnoshenii Karpatskoi Rusi s Rossiei v pervuiu polovinu XIX v. [A review of relations between the Carpathian Rus’ and Russia in the first half of the 19 th century]. St. Petersburg, Tipografіia Imperatorskoi Akademіi Nauk Publ., 1906. 109 p. (In Russ.)
44 Serkov A.I. Russkoe masonstvo. 1731–2000. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ [Russian Freemasonry. 1731–2000. Encyclopedic Dictionary]. Moscow, Rossiiskaia politicheskaia entsiklopediia (ROSSPEN) Publ., 2001. 1224 p. (In Russ.)
45 Sreznevskii I.I. Zaporozhskaia Starina [The Old Zaporozhye]. Khar’kov, Universitetskaia tip. Publ., 1838. Part 2. Book 3. 164 p. (In Russ.)
46 Tatishchev V.N. Istoriia Rossiiskaia s samykh drevneishikh vremen [History of Russia since the most ancient times]. Moscow, Imperatorskii Moskovskii Universitet Publ., 1769. Book 1. Parts 1–2. 600 p. (In Russ.)
47 Tolstoi A.K., graf. Iz perepiski grafa A.K. Tolstogo. 1851–1875 gg. [From the correspondence of Count A.K. Tolstoy. 1851–1875]. Vestnik Evropy, 1897, no 4, pp. 592–626. (In Russ.)
48 Tolstoi A.K., graf. Otzyv grafa A.K. Tolstogo o malorusskoi narodnoi muzyke [The response of Count A. Tolstoy on Malorossyian folk music]. Kievskaia Starina, 1897, no 5, section 2, pp. 70. (In Russ.)
49 Tiutchev v dnevnike i vospominaniiakh M.P. Pogodina [Tyutchev in the diary and memoirs of M.P. Pogodin], introductory article, publication and comments by L.N. Kuzina. Literaturnoe nasledstvo [Literary heritage]. Vol. 97. Book 2. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1989, pp. 7–29. (In Russ.)
50 Tiutchev F.I. Rossiia i Zapad: Kniga prorochestv. Stat’i, stikhi [Russia and the West: The Book of Prophecy. Articles, poems], comp., notes by I.A. Vinogradov; illustrations F.V. Domogatsky. Moscow, Orthodox St. Tikhon Theological Institute Publ., 1999. 206 p. (In Russ.)
51 Ul’ianov N.I. Proiskhozhdenie ukrainskogo separatizma [Origin of Ukrainian separatism]. Moscow, Vagrius Publ., 1996. 288 p. (In Russ.)
52 Frantsev V.A. Derzhavin u slavian. Iz istorii russko-slavianskikh literaturnykh vzaimootnoshenii v XIX veke [Derzhavin and the Slavs. On the history of Russian-Slavic literary relationships in the 19 th century]. Prague, 1924. 80 p. (In Russ.)
53 Khomiakov A.S. Neskol’ko slov o filosoficheskom pis’me (napechatannom v 15 knizhke “Teleskopa”) [A few words about the philosophical letter (printed in the 15 th book of the Telescope)]. Khomiakov A.S. Sochineniia: v 2 t. [Works]. Moscow, Moskovskii filosofskii fond Izdatel’stvo “Medium” Publ., 1994, vol. 1, pp. 449–455. (In Russ.)
54 Khomiakov A.S. O starom i novom. Stat’i i ocherki [About the old and the new. Articles and essays], introductory article and comments E.F. Egorov. Moscow, Sovremennik Publ., 1988. 462 p. (In Russ.)
55 F.V. Chizhov k khudozhniku A.A. Ivanovu [F.V. Chizhov to the artist A.A. Ivanov]. Russkii Arkhiv, 1884, vol. 1, pp. 391–422. (In Russ.)
56 Shafarik P.I. Slavianskie drevnosti. Chast’ istoricheskaia [Slavic antiquities. Part of the historical]. Moscow, Universitetskaia tip. Publ., 1837. Vol. 1. Books 1–2. 318 p. + 332 p.; 1838. Vol. 1. Book 3. 302 p. (In Russ.)
57 Shtur L. Slavianstvo i mir budushchego [Slavianstvo and the world of the future]. Moscow, Universitetskaia tip. Publ., 1867. 191 p. (In Russ.)
58 Slowanské starožitnosti. Sepsal Pavel Josef Šafárik. Oddjl děgepisný. Pomocj Českého museum [Slowan antiquities. Pavel Josef Safarik. Separated the dialect. Help the Czech Museum]. Prague, 1837. 1007 p. (In Czech)